The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country, and it came into effect on January 26, 1950. It serves as the foundational legal document that governs the political, social, and economic framework of the nation. The drafting and adoption of the Constitution were overseen by the Constituent Assembly, a body of elected representatives from various regions and communities.
The Constitution of India is one of the lengthiest in the world and consists of a preamble, 448 articles organized under 25 parts, and 12 schedules. It embodies the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, ensuring the protection and promotion of fundamental rights and principles of governance.
Articles of each part cover different facets of the Constitution, including legislative and executive branches, statutory bodies, constitutional bodies, schedules, sections and fundamental rights, among other topics.
Some of the important articles in the Constitution of India are mentioned below:
| Part | Article | Title |
| Part 1 | Article 1 | Name and territory of the union |
| Article 2 | Admission and establishment of the new state | |
| Article 3 | Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and name of existing states | |
| Part 2 | Article 5 | Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution |
| Article 6 | Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan | |
| Article 10 | Continuance of rights of citizenship | |
| Article 11 | Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law | |
| Part 3 | Article 12 | Definition of the state |
| Article 13 | Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights | |
| Right to Equality | Article 14 | Equality before the law |
| Article 15 | Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth | |
| Article 16 | Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment | |
| Article 17 | Abolition of untouchability | |
| Article 18 | Abolition of titles | |
| Right to Freedom | Article 19 | Guarantees six rights to citizens of India: Freedom of speech and expression, Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms, Freedom to form associations or unions, Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India, Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, Omitted, Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business |
| Right against Exploitation | Article 23 | Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor |
| Article 24 | Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. | |
| Right to Freedom of Religion | Article 25 | Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion |
| Article 26 | Freedom to manage religious affairs | |
| Article 27 | Freedom as to payment of taxes for the promotion of any particular religion | |
| Article 28 | Freedom from attending religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions | |
| Cultural and Educational Rights | Article 29 | Protection of interest of minorities |
| Article 30 | Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions | |
| Right to Constitutional Remedies | Article 32 | Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights |
| Part | Article | Title |
| Part- 4 Directive Principles of State Policy | Article 36 | Definition |
| Article 37 | Application of the principles contained in Part 4 | |
| Article 38 | State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people | |
| Article 39 | Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State | |
| Article 40 | Organization of a village panchayat | |
| Article 41 | Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases | |
| Article 43 | Living Wages, etc. for Workers | |
| Article 43A | Participation of workers in the management of industries | |
| Article 44 | Uniform civil code (applicable in Goa only) | |
| Article 45 | Provision for free and compulsory education for children | |
| Article 46 | Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes, ST, and OBC | |
| Article 47 | Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health | |
| Article 48 | Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry | |
| Article 49 | Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance | |
| Article 50 | Separation of the judiciary from the executive | |
| Article 51 | Promotion of international peace and security | |
| Part 4A – Fundamental Duties | Article 51A | Fundamental Duties of Citizens of India |
| Part 5 – The Union | Article 52 | The President of India |
| Article 53 | Executive Power of the Union | |
| Article 54 | Election of President | |
| Article 61 | Procedure for Impeachment of the President | |
| Article 63 | The Vice-president of India | |
| Article 64 | The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman of the Council of States | |
| Article 66 | Election of Vice-president | |
| Article 72 | Pardoning powers of the President | |
| Article 74 | Council of ministers to aid and advise President | |
| Article 76 | Attorney-General for India | |
| Article 79 | Constitution of Parliament | |
| Article 80 | Composition of Rajya Sabha | |
| Article 81 | Composition of Lok Sabha | |
| Article 83 | Duration of Houses of Parliament | |
| Article 93 | The speakers and Deputy speakers of the House of the People | |
| Article 105 | Powers, Privileges, etc. of the House of Parliament | |
| Article 108 | Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases | |
| Article 109 | Special procedure in respect of money bills | |
| Article 110 | Definition of “Money Bills” | |
| Article 112 | Annual Financial Budget | |
| Article 114 | Appropriation Bills | |
| Article 123 | Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of Parliament | |
| Part 5 – The Judiciary | Article 124 | Establishment of Supreme Court |
| Article 125 | Salaries of Judges | |
| Article 126 | Appointment of acting Chief justice | |
| Article 127 | Appointment of ad-hoc judges | |
| Article 128 | Attendance of retired judge at sitting of the Supreme Court | |
| Article 129 | Supreme Court to be a court of Record | |
| Article 130 | Seat of the Supreme Court | |
| Article 136 | Special leaves for an appeal to the Supreme Court | |
| Article 137 | Review of judgment or orders by the Supreme Court | |
| Article 141 | Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the courts | |
| Article 142 | Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and unless as to discovery, etc. | |
| Article 148 | Comptroller and Auditor-General of India | |
| Article 149 | Duties and Powers of CAG |
States: Article 152 – 237 (Part 6)
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Union Territories: Article 239 – 242 (Part 8) |
Panchayats: Article 243 – 243O (Part 9)
Municipalities: Article 243P – 243ZG (Part 9A) Co-operative Societies: Article 243ZH – 243ZT (Part 9B) |
| Scheduled and Tribal Areas: Article 244 (Part 10) |
Center-State Relations: Article 245 – 263 (Part 11)Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits: Article 264 – 300A (Part 12)
Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the territories of India: Article 301 – 307 (Part 13)
Services Under Center and State: Article 308 – 323 (Part 14)
Tribunals: Article 323A – 323B (Part 14A)
Elections: Article 324 – 329 (Part 15)
Special Provisions to SC, ST, OBC, Minorities, etc.: Article 330 – 342 (Part 16)
Official Language: Article 343 – 351 (Part 17)
Emergency: Article 352 – 360 (Part 18)
Miscellaneous: Article 361 – 367 (Part 19)
Amendment of Constitution: Article 368 (Part 20)
Special, Transitional, and Temporary Provisions: Article 369 – 392 (Part 21)
Short Text, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals: Article 392 – 395 (Part 22)
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